/*
 * Manuscript Scholar 1.0.2: feature styles on top of the Manuscript stylesheet.
 * The Manuscript look (styles/index.less: boxed white page on a grey
 * background, Montserrat headings, Noto Serif text, a thin accent line under
 * headings) is compiled with the Default Theme. This file adds the wide page,
 * the full-width header image and the styles of the theme's own elements, in
 * the same idiom: base colour for bands and buttons, accent colour for thin
 * lines only (it is too light for text), light grey boxes with a hairline.
 */
:root{--ms-base: #4b7d92;--ms-on-base: #ffffff;--ms-primary: #4b7d92;--ms-primary-dark: #3a6070;--ms-primary-rgb: 75, 125, 146; --ms-accent: #f7bc4a;--ms-text: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);--ms-muted: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);--ms-line: #dddddd;--ms-soft: #f5f5f5;--ms-radius: 3px;--ms-font-heading: "Montserrat", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen-Sans", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; --ms-gutter: 2.143rem} :root{ --ms-pill-border: rgba(var(--ms-primary-rgb), 0.35);--ms-font-bump: 0px; --ms-title-bump: 0px} @media (min-width: 992px){html body .pkp_structure_page{width: 90% !important;max-width: none !important;margin: 30px auto !important} html body .pkp_head_wrapper, html body .pkp_structure_content, html body .pkp_structure_footer{box-sizing: border-box;width: 100% !important;max-width: none !important;margin-left: 0 !important;margin-right: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_content{padding-left: var(--ms-gutter) !important;padding-right: var(--ms-gutter) !important} html body .pkp_structure_content{display: flex !important;align-items: stretch}html body .pkp_structure_main{position: relative;box-sizing: border-box;float: none !important;flex: 1 1 auto;width: auto !important;min-width: 0;max-width: none !important;margin: 0 !important;padding-left: 0 !important;padding-right: var(--ms-gutter) !important}html body .pkp_structure_main:last-child{padding-right: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_main > *{margin-left: 0 !important;padding-left: 0 !important} html body .pkp_structure_content::before, html body .pkp_structure_content::after, html body .pkp_structure_main::before, html body .pkp_structure_main::after, html body .pkp_structure_sidebar::before, html body .pkp_structure_sidebar::after{content: none !important;display: none !important}html body .pkp_structure_sidebar{float: none !important;flex: 0 0 26%;box-sizing: border-box;width: 26% !important;min-width: 300px;max-width: 520px !important;padding-left: 28px !important;padding-right: 0 !important;border-left: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}html body .pkp_structure_sidebar .pkp_block{padding-left: 0 !important;padding-right: 0 !important;margin-right: 0 !important}} @media (max-width: 991px){html body .pkp_site_name .is_img img{width: auto !important;max-width: 100% !important;height: auto !important;max-height: 48px !important}}@media (min-width: 992px){html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_name_wrapper{padding-left: 0;padding-right: 0;overflow: hidden}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_name{float: none;width: 100%;max-width: none;margin-left: 0;margin-right: 0;padding-top: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_name > a, html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_name .is_img{display: block !important;width: 100% !important;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 0}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_name .is_img img{display: block !important;width: 100% !important;max-width: none !important;height: auto !important;max-height: none !important;margin: 0} html body.has_site_logo .pkp_structure_head{position: relative !important}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_head_wrapper, html body.has_site_logo .pkp_site_nav_menu{position: static !important}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_navigation_user_wrapper{position: absolute !important;top: 0 !important;right: 0 !important;bottom: auto !important;left: auto !important;float: none !important;width: max-content !important;max-width: 90% !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 8px var(--ms-gutter) 0 0 !important;transform: none !important;text-align: right !important;z-index: 20}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_navigation_user{display: flex !important;align-items: center;justify-content: flex-end !important;position: static !important;float: none !important;width: auto !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right !important}html body.has_site_logo .pkp_navigation_user > li > a{text-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55)} html body .pkp_navigation_primary_row{padding-left: var(--ms-gutter);padding-right: var(--ms-gutter)}} .ms-issue-coverage, .ms-archive-stats, .ms-highlight, .ms-category, .ms-abstract{background: var(--ms-soft);border-radius: var(--ms-radius);box-shadow: 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)} .ms-highlight h2, .ms-categories > h2{display: inline-block;margin: 0 0 1em;padding: 0 0 0.5em;border-bottom: 3px solid var(--ms-accent);font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 1rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.3;text-transform: uppercase;color: var(--ms-muted)} .pkp_block ul.ms-menu{margin: 0;padding: 0;list-style: none}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li{margin: 0 0 2px;padding: 0;list-style: none}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 0.65em;padding: 0.6em 0.8em;background: var(--ms-soft);border-left: 3px solid transparent;color: var(--ms-text);font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.93rem;line-height: 1.35;text-decoration: none}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a::before{flex: 0 0 1.25em;width: 1.25em;font: normal normal normal 1em/1 FontAwesome;text-align: center;color: var(--ms-primary);content: "\f10c"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:hover, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:focus, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a.is-active{background: var(--ms-base);border-left-color: var(--ms-accent);color: var(--ms-on-base)}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:hover::before, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:focus::before, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a.is-active::before{color: inherit} .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="/about"]::before{content: "\f05a"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="/issue/"]::before{content: "\f02d"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="submissions"]::before{content: "\f093"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li.home a::before{content: "\f015"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="focusAndScope"]::before, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="ublicationEthics"]::before{content: "\f10c"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="editorialTeam"]::before{content: "\f2be"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="peerReviewers"]::before{content: "\f0c0"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="peerReviewProcess"]::before{content: "\f046"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="uthorGuidelines"]::before{content: "\f044"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="contact"]::before{content: "\f2ba"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="openAccess"]::before{content: "\f09c"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="opyright"]::before{content: "\f1f9"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="uthorFees"]::before{content: "\f09d"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="license"]::before{content: "\f24e"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="drive.google.com"]::before, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="download"]::before{content: "\f019"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="ndexing"]::before{content: "\f002"}.pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a[href*="announcement"]::before{content: "\f0a1"} html body .obj_article_details .item.authors li{margin-top: 0 !important;margin-bottom: 0.9em !important;line-height: 1.35}html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .name{display: block !important;margin: 0 0 0.1em !important;padding: 0 !important;color: var(--ms-text);font-weight: 700}html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .affiliation, html body .obj_article_details .item.authors .ms-country-line{display: block !important;margin: 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;color: var(--ms-muted);line-height: 1.4} html body .obj_article_details .item.ms-dimensions{margin-top: 0 !important;margin-bottom: 0.4rem !important;padding-top: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important;min-height: 0}html body .obj_article_details .item.ms-dimensions + .item.doi{margin-top: 0 !important;padding-top: 0 !important} @media (min-width: 768px){.obj_issue_toc .heading{display: grid;grid-template-columns: clamp(200px, 28%, 420px) minmax(0, 1fr); grid-template-rows: repeat(19, min-content) 1fr;column-gap: 40px;align-items: start;max-width: 100%;min-width: 0;margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}.obj_issue_toc .sections{margin-top: 0 !important}.obj_issue_toc .heading > .cover{grid-column: 1;grid-row: 1 / span 20;float: none;width: auto;max-width: 100%;margin: 0}.obj_issue_toc .heading > .cover img{display: block;width: 100%;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin: 0}.obj_issue_toc .heading > :not(.cover){grid-column: 2;min-width: 0;max-width: 100%;margin-left: 0}} .ms-issue-coverage{box-sizing: border-box;max-width: 100%;overflow: hidden;margin: 1.5em 0;padding: 1em 1.25em;border-left: 3px solid var(--ms-accent);color: var(--ms-text);font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.93rem}.obj_issue_toc .heading .ms-issue-coverage{margin: 0 0 0.8rem}html body .obj_issue_toc .heading .published, html body .obj_issue_toc .heading .description{margin-top: 0 !important}.ms-issue-coverage p{margin: 0 0 0.5em;font-weight: 700}.ms-issue-coverage__total{text-transform: uppercase}.ms-issue-coverage__sep{margin: 0 0.5em;font-weight: 400;color: var(--ms-line)} .ms-issue-coverage__countries{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(200px, 1fr));gap: 0.75em 1.5em;margin: 0.9em 0 0;padding: 0.9em 0 0;border-top: 1px solid var(--ms-line);list-style: none}.ms-issue-coverage__countries li{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 0.65em;min-width: 0;line-height: 1.25}.ms-issue-coverage .ms-country{flex: 0 1 auto;min-width: 0;overflow-wrap: anywhere}html body .ms-issue-coverage .ms-flag{flex: none;display: block;width: 28px;height: 21px;margin: 0;padding: 0 !important; border: 0 !important;outline: 0;background: none;object-fit: cover;border-radius: 2px;box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.ms-issue-coverage .ms-count{margin-left: auto;padding-left: 0.4em;color: var(--ms-muted);font-weight: 400;font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums} .ms-archive-stats{box-sizing: border-box;display: grid;grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.7fr) minmax(0, 1fr);align-items: center;max-width: 640px;margin: 14px 0 4px;padding: 10px 6px;overflow: hidden; border-left: 3px solid var(--ms-accent);color: var(--ms-text);font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.93rem;line-height: 1.3}.ms-archive-stats__item{display: flex;align-items: center;gap: 10px;min-width: 0;padding: 2px 14px;border-right: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}.ms-archive-stats__item:last-child{border-right: 0}.ms-archive-stats__icon{display: inline-grid;flex: none;place-items: center;width: 34px;height: 34px;color: var(--ms-on-base);background: var(--ms-base);border-radius: 50%}.ms-archive-stats__icon svg{display: block;width: 18px;height: 18px;fill: none;stroke: currentColor;stroke-width: 1.8;stroke-linecap: round;stroke-linejoin: round}.ms-archive-stats__copy{display: flex;flex-direction: column;gap: 4px;min-width: 0}.ms-archive-stats__num{font-size: 1em;font-weight: 700;color: var(--ms-primary);font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums}.ms-archive-stats__label{color: var(--ms-muted)}.ms-archive-stats__flags{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;gap: 4px}html body .ms-archive-stats .ms-flag{display: block;width: 22px;height: 16px;margin: 0;padding: 0 !important; border: 0 !important;outline: 0;background: none;object-fit: cover;border-radius: 2px;box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.ms-archive-stats .ms-flag--text{width: auto;min-width: 22px;padding: 0 3px;font-size: 10px;font-weight: 700;line-height: 16px;text-align: center;background: #fff;color: var(--ms-muted)}.ms-archive-stats__more{font-size: 0.85em;color: var(--ms-muted)}@media (max-width: 620px){.ms-archive-stats{grid-template-columns: 1fr}.ms-archive-stats__item{padding: 8px 8px;border-right: 0;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}.ms-archive-stats__item:last-child{border-bottom: 0}} html body .pkp_structure_main{padding-bottom: 1rem !important}html body .page_index_journal, html body .page_index_journal .current_issue{margin-bottom: 0 !important;padding-bottom: 0 !important}html body .page_index_journal .current_issue .read_more{margin-bottom: 0 !important} .ms-highlights{box-sizing: border-box;max-width: none;margin: 1rem 0 0;padding: 2rem 16px;border-top: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}.ms-highlights__grid{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));gap: 24px}.ms-highlight{padding: 24px 28px}.ms-highlight ul{margin: 0;padding: 0;list-style: none}.ms-highlight li{padding: 0.75em 0;border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ms-line);line-height: 1.45}.ms-highlight li:last-child{border-bottom: 0}.ms-highlight__meta{display: block;margin-top: 0.2em;font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.8rem;line-height: 1.3;color: var(--ms-muted);font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums}.ms-highlight li a{color: var(--ms-text);text-decoration: none}.ms-highlight li a:hover, .ms-highlight li a:focus{color: var(--ms-primary);text-decoration: underline} .ms-categories{margin: 0 0 2em}.ms-categories__grid{display: grid;grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(240px, 1fr));gap: 16px;align-items: start}.ms-category{border-left: 3px solid var(--ms-base)}.ms-category summary{display: flex;flex-direction: column;gap: 0.15em;padding: 14px 40px 14px 18px;position: relative;cursor: pointer;list-style: none}.ms-category summary::-webkit-details-marker{display: none}.ms-category summary::after{content: "+";position: absolute;right: 16px;top: 50%;margin-top: -0.6em;font-size: 1.3em;line-height: 1.2;color: var(--ms-primary)}.ms-category[open] summary::after{content: "\2212"}.ms-category summary:hover .ms-category__name, .ms-category summary:focus .ms-category__name{color: var(--ms-primary)}.ms-category__name{font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-weight: 700;color: var(--ms-text);line-height: 1.3}.ms-category__count{font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.8rem;text-transform: uppercase;color: var(--ms-muted)}.ms-category ul{margin: 0;padding: 0 18px 10px;list-style: none;border-top: 1px dotted var(--ms-line)}.ms-category li{padding: 0.6em 0;border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--ms-line);line-height: 1.4}.ms-category li:last-child{border-bottom: 0}.ms-category li a{color: var(--ms-text);text-decoration: none}.ms-category li a:hover, .ms-category li a:focus{color: var(--ms-primary);text-decoration: underline} html body .current_issue .sections, html body .current_issue .section:last-child, html body .current_issue .section:last-child .cmp_article_list, html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child, html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .current_issue .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0 !important} html body .current_issue [hidden]{display: none !important}html body .current_issue.ms-collapsed .ms-edge-section, html body .current_issue.ms-collapsed .ms-edge-section .cmp_article_list, html body .current_issue.ms-collapsed .ms-edge, html body .current_issue.ms-collapsed .ms-edge .obj_article_summary{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .current_issue.ms-collapsed .ms-edge .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0 !important;border-bottom: 0 !important}html body .ms-readmore{ position: relative;z-index: 10;margin: var(--ms-list-gap) 0 0.4rem !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right;line-height: 1.35} html body .ms-readmore__button, .ms-article-actions a{display: inline-block;cursor: pointer;padding: 0.35em 1em;background: #fff;border: 1px solid var(--ms-pill-border);border-radius: var(--ms-radius);color: var(--ms-primary);font-family: var(--ms-font-heading);font-size: 0.8rem;font-weight: 700;line-height: 1.35;text-align: center;text-decoration: none;transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s}html body .ms-readmore__button{text-transform: uppercase}html body .ms-readmore__button:hover, html body .ms-readmore__button:focus, .ms-article-actions a:hover, .ms-article-actions a:focus, .ms-article-actions a.is-open{background: var(--ms-primary);border-color: var(--ms-primary);color: #fff;text-decoration: none} html body .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 1.1rem;border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}html body .cmp_article_list > li:last-child .obj_article_summary{padding-bottom: 0;border-bottom: 0}  :root{--ms-list-gap: 0.2rem}html body .obj_article_summary .title{margin: 0 0 var(--ms-list-gap) !important;padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.3 !important}html body .obj_article_summary .meta{margin-top: 0 !important;padding-top: 0 !important}html body .obj_article_summary .meta .authors{margin: 0 7em 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.35}html body .obj_article_summary .ms-article-actions{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;gap: 0.5rem;margin: var(--ms-list-gap) 0 0 !important;padding: 0 !important;line-height: 1.35}.ms-article-actions .ms-sep{display: none}.ms-abstract{margin: 0.6em 0 0.4em;padding: 0.8em 1em;border-left: 3px solid var(--ms-accent);color: var(--ms-text);line-height: 1.55;text-align: justify}.ms-abstract[hidden]{display: none} .ms-article-actions a:focus-visible, html body .ms-readmore__button:focus-visible, .ms-category summary:focus-visible, .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:focus-visible{outline: 2px solid var(--ms-primary);outline-offset: 2px} @media (min-width: 768px){ html body .pkp_structure_footer::before, html body .pkp_structure_footer::after{content: none !important;display: none !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer{display: flex !important;align-items: center;justify-content: space-between;gap: 2rem;padding: 1.5rem var(--ms-gutter) !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content{flex: 1 1 auto;min-width: 0} html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content, html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > *{margin-left: 0 !important;padding-left: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > :first-child{margin-top: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_footer_content > :last-child{margin-bottom: 0 !important}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_brand_footer{flex: 0 0 auto;float: none !important;width: auto !important;margin: 0 0 0 auto !important;padding: 0 !important;text-align: right}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_brand_footer a{float: none;max-width: none}html body .pkp_structure_footer .pkp_brand_footer img{display: block;width: 180px;max-width: 100%;height: auto;margin-left: auto}} @media (min-width: 992px){html body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_structure_main{padding-left: var(--ms-gutter) !important;padding-right: 0 !important}html body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_structure_main:last-child{padding-left: 0 !important}html body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_structure_sidebar{padding-left: 0 !important;padding-right: 28px !important;border-left: 0;border-right: 1px solid var(--ms-line)}html body[dir="rtl"].has_site_logo .pkp_navigation_user_wrapper{right: auto !important;left: 0 !important;padding: 8px 0 0 var(--ms-gutter) !important;text-align: left !important}}body[dir="rtl"] .ms-issue-coverage, body[dir="rtl"] .ms-archive-stats, body[dir="rtl"] .ms-abstract{border-left: 0;border-right: 3px solid var(--ms-accent)}body[dir="rtl"] .ms-category{border-left: 0;border-right: 3px solid var(--ms-base)}body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a{border-left: 0;border-right: 3px solid transparent}body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:hover, body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a:focus, body[dir="rtl"] .pkp_block ul.ms-menu li a.is-active{border-right-color: var(--ms-accent)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){*{transition: none !important;animation: none !important}} .ms-issue-coverage .ms-issue-coverage__foreign{font-weight: 400}.ms-archive-stats__line{white-space: nowrap}