Efektivitas Slow Sand Filter Dan Biosand Filter Dalam Mengeliminasi Cryptosporidium Parvum Pada Air Baku: Systematic Literature Review

Yanuar Ghalib Nabhan; Muhammad Farid Dimjati Lusno

doi:10.31004/koloni.v5i3.1409

Authors

Yanuar Ghalib Nabhan Universitas Airlangga
Muhammad Farid Dimjati Lusno Universitas Airlangga

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31004/koloni.v5i3.1409

Keywords:

Cryptosporidium parvum, slow sand filter, biosand filter, sand filtration, elimination

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of slow sand filters and biosand filters in eliminating Cryptosporidium parvum from raw water. The study was conducted in 2026 following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines through a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and DOAJ databases. The selected articles were publications from 2017–2026 written in Indonesian or English that met the inclusion criteria, and the extracted data were analyzed narratively. Based on the literature review, the elimination of Cryptosporidium parvum was influenced by a combination of physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms. Reduction efficiency ranged from less than 2 log to more than 5 log under certain conditions, particularly in continuously operated filters with a mature schmutzdecke. Sand media uniformity with a coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 1.72 increased removal efficiency to more than 99%, while the application of pretreatment and silver-ion impregnation enhanced elimination to levels at which oocysts were no longer detected. In conclusion, slow sand filters and biosand filters have the potential to effectively eliminate Cryptosporidium parvum, with performance influenced by flow continuity, sand media characteristics, and schmutzdecke maturity.

: This study aimed to synthesize scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of slow sand filters and biosand filters in eliminating Cryptosporidium parvum from raw water. The study was conducted in 2026 following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines through a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and DOAJ databases. The selected articles were publications from 2017–2026 written in Indonesian or English that met the inclusion criteria, and the extracted data were analyzed narratively. Based on the literature review, the elimination of Cryptosporidium parvum was influenced by a combination of physical, biological, and chemical mechanisms. Reduction efficiency ranged from less than 2 log to more than 5 log under certain conditions, particularly in continuously operated filters with a mature schmutzdecke. Sand media uniformity with a coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 1.72 increased removal efficiency to more than 99%, while the application of pretreatment and silver-ion impregnation enhanced elimination to levels at which oocysts were no longer detected. In conclusion, slow sand filters and biosand filters have the potential to effectively eliminate Cryptosporidium parvum, with performance influenced by flow continuity, sand media characteristics, and schmutzdecke maturity.

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